Journal: Biology
Article Title: Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Upregulations of VPAC2 and Intestinal Tight Junctions Correlate with Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electroacupuncture in Colitis Mice with Sleep Fragmentation
doi: 10.3390/biology11070962
Figure Lengend Snippet: Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in mice colon during DSS colitis with sleep fragmentation. ( A ) Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of VPAC1 and VPAC2 in colon sections. Upper part: expression of VPAC1 in colon tissue of different groups at 200× & 400× magnification. Comparison of the VPAC1 in five groups was shown in ( B ) right upper panel. ( A ) Lower part: expression of VPAC2 in colon tissue of different groups at 200× & 400× magnification. Comparison of the VPAC2 in five groups was shown in ( B ) right middle panel. Comparison of VPAC1/VPAC2 ratios by sleep fragmentation in normal and inflamed state was shown in ( B ) right lower panel. Quantification of area percentage of IHC staining by true color image analysis with the application of adjusted thresholds. ( C ) Western blot analysis of VPAC2 and β-actin (loading control) in colon homogenates. Right graph indicates quantification relative to β-actin. * Stands for a result of five groups comparison (represented by bold line segments with endpoints) The uncropped western blot figures were presented in . The densitometry readings/intensity ratio of VPAC2 in western blots in DSS-colitis mice with sleep fragmentation were presented in . ✠, ✟, #, $, & and € represent the results of control group versus DSS group, DSS group versus DSS + SF group, DSS + SF group versus DSS + SF + EA group, control group versus DSS + SF group, control group versus DSS + SF + EA group, and control group versus SF group, respectively (represented as a thin line without endpoints).*, ✠, ✟, #, $, &, €, p < 0.05; **, ✠✠, ✟✟, ##, $$, &&, €€ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns, no significance. Data were presented as mean ± SEM of repeated adjusted thresholds in each group. VPAC1, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 1 receptor; VPAC2, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 2 receptor; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; SF, sleep fragmentation; EA, electroacupuncture.
Article Snippet: In addition, the role of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 1 receptor (VIPR1/VPAC1, CSB-PA052529, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA) and type 2 receptor (VIPR2/VPAC2, A03768, Boster, Pleasanton, CA, USA) under EA were clarified by immunohistochemical staining.
Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Western Blot
